SARS\CoV\2 infection can also cause new\onset CVD

SARS\CoV\2 infection can also cause new\onset CVD. most common CVDs caused by SARS\CoV\2 infection are acute myocardial injury, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Studies have found that there is an interaction between COVID\19 and CVD. Underlying CVD is associated with a high risk of mortality in patients with COVID\19. SARS\CoV\2 infection can also cause new\onset CVD. Clinicians need to pay close attention to cardiovascular complications during the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COVID\19 to reduce patient mortality. that can infect humans. Of the other six coronaviruses that have been identified as infecting humans, four (229E, OC43, NL63, and HPU1) are widespread but only cause common upper respiratory infection symptoms. The other two are SARS\CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS\CoV), which can cause fatal diseases. 2 Whole\genome sequencing results showed that the SARS\CoV\2 genome has 79.5% sequence identity with the SARS\CoV genome, and the virus is considered to be associated with SARS\CoV. 3 SARS\CoV\2 infection mainly affects the respiratory tract, and the first clinical manifestations are mostly fever, dry cough, fatigue, and wheezing. Severe cases can progress to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and systemic multiple organ dysfunction. 4 However, it is worth noting that increasing case data show that SARS\CoV\2 infection can cause cardiovascular events, 5 , 6 which aggravate the condition and affect the prognosis; these cardiovascular events include acute myocardial injury and arrhythmia and cardiac dysfunction, in addition to causing respiratory diseases. 4 , 7 This article summarizes the treatment experience of frontline clinical experts and refers to the published literature and the new coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment programme (trial version 7) issued by the Chinese Health Commission to discuss the mechanism and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) caused by COVID\19. We hope this information can be helpful to our counterparts at home and abroad. Interaction between coronavirus disease 2019 and cardiovascular disease CVD is the most common noncommunicable epidemic in China 8 and around the world. 9 CVD is present in nearly 20% of the total population, and the number of cardiovascular patients is as high as 290 million in China. 10 Therefore, many COVID\19 patients have coexisting chronic CVD. As of 11 February 2020, out of the 44?672 patients confirmed to have COVID\19, 2683 patients (12.8%) had hypertension and 873 patients (4.2%) had CVD. 11 This is the most common co\morbid condition among patients admitted to the hospital for COVID\19. 4 , 7 The mortality rate of COVID\19 patients with CVD was found to be 10.5%, the mortality rate of COVID\19 patients with hypertension was 6.0%, and the mortality rate of COVID\19 patients without co\morbidities was 0.9%. 12 The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s analysis of 72?314 cases of COVID\19 in China found that the current crude mortality rate of COVID\19 is 2.6%, while the mortality rate is 10.5% in patients with CVD. 13 Death occurs LCI-699 (Osilodrostat) in COVID\19 patients with CVD approximately 11 times more frequently than in patients without co\morbid CVD. 11 In another study, a retrospective analysis of 112 COVID\19 patients with CVD admitted to Wuhan Xiehe Hospital from 20 January 2020 to 15 February 2020 reported that there were 17 deaths, with a mortality rate of 15.2%. 14 Hospitalized patients in Northern Italy with concomitant cardiac disease and COVID\19 had an extremely poor prognosis than had subjects without a history of cardiac disease, with a higher mortality rate. 15 Experimental research also found that patients with LCI-699 (Osilodrostat) basic heart diseases exhibited increased expression of angiotensin\converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and a high probability of heart attack and progression to severe disease after SARS\CoV\2 infection. 16 The assessment of ACE2 expression in normal and diseased human myocardial samples by bulk nuclei and single\nucleus RNA\seq suggests that prior CVD is the predominant driver of cardiomyocyte\specific increased transcription of ACE2. 17 These findings may provide a pathological link between SARS\CoV\2 infection and viral myocarditis, helping explain why individuals with underlying CVD have a worse prognosis and higher mortality after infection with SARS\CoV\2. 18 , 19 A retrospective single\centre case series analysed patients with COVID\19 at the Seventh Hospital of Wuhan City, China, from 23 January 2020 to 23 February 2020. 20 They found that the mortality rate during hospitalization was 7.6% (8 of 105).SARS\CoV\2 can cause CVD by inducing cytokine storms, creating an imbalance in the oxygen supply and demand and disrupting the reninCangiotensinCaldosterone system; SARS\CoV\2 infection can also lead to the development of CVD through the side effects of therapeutic drugs, psychological factors, and aggravation of underlying CVD. reduce patient mortality. that can infect humans. Of the other six coronaviruses that have been identified as infecting humans, four (229E, OC43, NL63, and HPU1) are widespread but only cause common upper respiratory infection symptoms. The other two are SARS\CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS\CoV), which can cause fatal diseases. 2 Whole\genome sequencing results showed that the SARS\CoV\2 genome has 79.5% sequence identity with the SARS\CoV genome, and the virus is considered to be associated with SARS\CoV. 3 SARS\CoV\2 infection mainly affects the respiratory tract, and the first clinical manifestations are mostly fever, dry cough, fatigue, and wheezing. Severe cases can progress to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and systemic multiple organ dysfunction. 4 However, it is worth noting that increasing case data show that SARS\CoV\2 infection can cause cardiovascular events, 5 , 6 which aggravate the condition and affect the prognosis; these cardiovascular events include acute myocardial injury and arrhythmia and cardiac dysfunction, in addition to causing respiratory diseases. 4 , 7 This article summarizes the treatment experience of frontline clinical experts and refers to the published literature and the new coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment programme (trial version 7) issued by the Chinese Health Commission to discuss the mechanism and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) caused by COVID\19. We hope this information can be helpful to our counterparts at home and abroad. Connection between coronavirus disease 2019 and cardiovascular disease CVD is the most common noncommunicable epidemic in China 8 and around the world. 9 CVD is present in nearly 20% of the total population, and the number of cardiovascular individuals is as high as 290 million in China. 10 Consequently, many COVID\19 individuals have coexisting chronic LCI-699 (Osilodrostat) CVD. As of 11 February 2020, out of the 44?672 individuals confirmed to have COVID\19, 2683 individuals (12.8%) had hypertension and 873 individuals (4.2%) had CVD. 11 This is the most common co\morbid condition among individuals admitted to the hospital for COVID\19. 4 , 7 The mortality rate of COVID\19 individuals with CVD was found to be 10.5%, the mortality rate of COVID\19 patients with hypertension was 6.0%, and the mortality rate of COVID\19 individuals without co\morbidities was 0.9%. 12 The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s analysis of Smo 72?314 cases of LCI-699 (Osilodrostat) COVID\19 in China found that the current crude mortality rate of COVID\19 is 2.6%, while the mortality rate is 10.5% in patients with CVD. 13 Death happens in COVID\19 individuals with CVD approximately 11 times more frequently than in individuals without co\morbid CVD. 11 In another study, a retrospective analysis of 112 COVID\19 individuals with CVD admitted to Wuhan Xiehe Hospital from 20 January 2020 to 15 February 2020 reported that there were 17 deaths, having a mortality rate of 15.2%. 14 Hospitalized individuals in Northern Italy with concomitant cardiac disease and COVID\19 experienced an extremely poor prognosis than experienced subjects without a history of cardiac disease, with a higher mortality rate. 15 Experimental study also found that individuals with basic heart diseases exhibited improved manifestation of angiotensin\transforming enzyme 2 (ACE2) and a high probability of heart attack and progression to severe disease after SARS\CoV\2 illness. 16 The assessment of ACE2 manifestation in normal and diseased human being myocardial samples by bulk nuclei and solitary\nucleus RNA\seq suggests that prior CVD is the predominant driver of cardiomyocyte\specific improved transcription of ACE2. 17 These findings may provide a pathological link between SARS\CoV\2 illness and viral myocarditis, helping explain why individuals with underlying CVD have a worse prognosis and higher mortality after illness with SARS\CoV\2. 18 , 19 A retrospective solitary\centre case series analysed individuals with COVID\19 in the Seventh Hospital of Wuhan City, China, LCI-699 (Osilodrostat) from 23 January 2020 to 23 February 2020. 20 They found that the mortality rate during hospitalization was 7.6% (8 of 105) in COVID\19 individuals without underlying CVD and with normal troponin protein T (TnT) levels, 13.3% (4 of 30) in those with underlying.