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7h). Open in a separate Rabbit Polyclonal to NCAPG2 window Figure 7. Anti-EGFL6 monoclonal antibodies inhibited mobility and tumor growth of breast cancer cells. increased levels of vimentin (Fig. 3a; Fig. S3a, S3d). Consistently, mRNA levels of several EMT markers including Snai1, another important molecular marker associated with EMT, were impacted by EGFL6 expression in breast malignancy cells (Fig 3b, ?,3c,3c, and ?and3d).3d). Collectively, these results Trilostane suggest that EGFL6 expression is usually associated with EMT of breast malignancy cells. Open in a separate window Physique 3. EGFL6 induces EMT in breast malignancy cells. a, Immunofluorescence staining of E-cadherin and vimentin in paired MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231/shEGFL6 cells. Nuclei were visualized with DRAQ5 staining (blue). Representative images and quantitative results are shown. Scale bar, 20 m. b, qRT-PCR analysis showed the gene expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, Twist and snai1 in T47D and T47D/shEGFL6 cells. c, qRT-PCR analysis showed the gene expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, N-cadherin and snai1 inMDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231/shEGFL6 cells. d, qRT-PCR analysis showed the gene expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, Twist and snai1 in MCF-7 and MCF-7/EGFL6 cells. e, Western blot detection of E-cadherin, Vimentin and snail in the paired T47D and T47D/shEGFL6, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231/shEGFL6, and MCF-7 and MCF-7/EGFL6 cells. *, 0.05. Error bar, standard deviation (SD). Trilostane EGFL6 maintains breast malignancy stem-like cell populace Malignancy stem cells are associated with EMT and malignancy metastasis (15). We hypothesized that EGFL6 expression promotes the malignancy stem-like cell populace. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the breast malignancy stem-like cell populace (CD24? /CD44+) using a circulation cytometry assay. EGFL6 knockdown significantly decreased the stem-like malignancy cell (CD24? /CD44+) populace (Fig. 4a). Ectopic expression of EGFL6 increased this populace (Fig. 4b). In addition, levels of several gene transcripts for malignancy stem cell or pluripotency and self-renewal markers were lower in malignancy cells with EGFL6 knocked down than in control cells (Fig. 4c). On the other hand, upregulation of those markers was detected by qRT-PCR analysis of malignancy cells with ectopic expression of EGFL6 (Fig. Trilostane 4d). These Trilostane data show that EGFL6 expression promotes the population of breast malignancy stem-like cells. Open in a separate window Physique 4. EGFL6 mediates malignancy stem cell populace of breast malignancy. a and b, T47D, T47D/shEGFL6 and MCF-7, MCF-7/EGFL6 cells were double stained with CD24 and CD44 antibody. Circulation cytometry assay was used to analyze the population of CD24 unfavorable and CD44 positive cells. Representative images and quantitative results were shown. c and d, qRT-PCR analysis indicated gene expression of malignancy stem cell markers in T47D, T47D/shEGFL6 and MCF-7, MCF-7/EGFL6 cells. Quantitative results are shown. *, 0.05. Error bar, SD. EGFL6 expression promoted colony formation and reduced apoptosis of breast cancer cells In order to determine if malignancy cells with EGFL6 expression can directly impact cell growth in 3-dimensional (3D) cultures, we compared colony formation in the presence and absence of EGFL6 in 3D cell cultures. Malignancy cells were cultured in a low density condition and colonies were counted after 10 days of culture. EGFL6 expression increased colony formation (Fig. 5a). We performed further experiments with 3D cultures and found that knockdown of EGFL6 reduced the sphere size of T47D malignancy cells (Fig. 5b), while expression of EGFL6 increased the sphere size of MCF-7 cells (Fig. 5c). It has been reported that EGFL6 can increase phosphorylation of ERK Trilostane (p-ERK) and Akt (p-Akt) in fibroblastic meningioma (16). Knockdown of.